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As an international, multi-disciplinary, peer-refereed journal, Learning and Teaching provides a platform for the publication of the most avant-garde scientific research in the areas of learning, development, teaching and pedagogy. The journal welcomes original empirical investigations. The papers may represent a variety of theoretical perspectives and different methodological approaches. They may refer to whatsoever age level, from infants to adults and to a diversity of learning and instructional settings, from laboratory experiments to field studies. The major criteria in the review and the selection process business organization the significance of the contribution to the area of learning and instruction, and the rigor of the study.

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Every bit an international, multi-disciplinary, peer-refereed periodical, Learning and Instruction provides a platform for the publication of the most advanced scientific research in the areas of learning, development, instruction and teaching. The periodical welcomes original empirical investigations. For manuscripts with an innovative or weighty methodology department, supplementary on-line cloth outlining the methodology is welcome (due east.g., equations, data-treatment, syntax code, example data). The papers may represent a variety of theoretical perspectives and unlike methodological approaches. They may refer to whatever age level, from infants to adults and to a diversity of learning and instructional settings, from classroom to informal learning. They may rest on the full spectrum of established methodologies, from laboratory experiments to field observations. The major criteria in the review and the selection process concern the significance of the contribution to the area of learning and teaching. Pure method studies (e.chiliad., instrument validation) and meta-analyses (i.east., studies of published studies), are more suitable for other specialized journals. Descriptions of learning environments (e.k., curriculum plans) are more suitable for practitioner journals. Studies which rely overly on self-report measures are typically not accepted.

Rigor of studies

Empirical enquiry
Empirical research designs needs to state the extent to which the studies are representative of a particular population. The authors need to state the hierarchical structure of the data (e.one thousand., time-points nested in students, nested in schools) and explicitly state how they have addressed this construction in their analyses. Supplementary materials including data quality control, culling models, explicit formulas used in statistical analyses and modeling are welcome. Prior publications based on the aforementioned project and/or data must be acknowledged, especially prior publications using the same or similar measures. The unique contributions of a given manuscript equally well every bit any overlap with prior publications based on the aforementioned project and/or data must be stated explicitly

Experimental designs
Experimental designs should written report on effect sizes institute in previous studies in the field, to form a ground for a priori ability calculations (or simulations) for the authors' detail pattern. Statements of implementation fidelity and treatment need to be explicit. Authors should demonstrate that findings are not due to extreme cases or outliers. JLI accepts pre-registered studies only does not provide its ain pre-registration forum

Qualitative studies
Studies in which qualitative methods are used are required to outline sufficient/adequate/specific procedural explanation to ascertain whether the standards for validity and reliability of the reported data are met, and an adequate vocabulary for these needs to be adhered to consistently. Procedures for e.chiliad., inter-observer reliability, triangulation and/or audit trails need to exist transparent and thoroughly grounded in the literature. Overly descriptive studies are typically not accepted.

Registered reports
Learning and Instruction welcomes the submission of registered reports. To discover out more about the process of preparing the manuscript and submitting, please refer to our https://www.elsevier.com/__data/promis_misc/JLI Registered Report Guidelines Terminal.pdf

Contact details for submission
Authors are requested to submit their papers electronically by using the Learning and Instruction online submission and review web site ( https://www.editorialmanager.com/jli/default.aspx ). This site will guide authors stepwise through the submission process. Authors are requested to submit the text, tables, and artwork in electronic form to this address. Authors who are unable to provide an electronic version or take other circumstances that prevent online submission must contact the Editor prior to submission to discuss alternative options; e-mail: jli@elsevier.com. The Publisher and Editor regret that they are not able to consider submissions that practise not follow these procedures.

Submission checklist
You can use this list to conduct out a concluding check of your submission earlier you send it to the journal for review. Please check the relevant section in this Guide for Authors for more details.

Ensure that the following items are present:

One author has been designated equally the corresponding author with contact details:
• E-mail service accost
• Full postal address

  • There is an opportunity to provide a statement of author responsibilities ("CRediT"). Such statements could be particularly useful for e.g., for doctoral students preparing a "dissertations by publication", and their submitted manuscript constitutes a part of that planned dissertation.

All necessary files have been uploaded:
Manuscript:
• Include keywords (using the JLI taxonomy words)
• All figures (include relevant captions)
• All tables (including titles, description, footnotes)
• Ensure all figure and tabular array citations in the text match the files provided
• Betoken conspicuously if color should be used for whatever figures in print
Graphical Abstracts / Highlights files (where applicable)
Supplemental files (where applicable)

Farther considerations

  • Manuscript has been 'spell checked' and 'grammar checked'
  • Notation that submitted manuscripts volition not go through language-focused copy editing with the journal prior to or later acceptance; language-focused copy editing is the responsibility of the authors prior to submission
  • Please fix the manuscript for masked review; whenever possible, delight use author names and references for self-citations but brand sure that you use third person to discuss the work (run into Review Policy below); please use "Authors, date" simply if a self-citation by name would reveal your identity (eastward.g., if yous are citing unpublished piece of work, work in progress, IRB approval, etc.).
All references mentioned in the Reference Listing are cited in the text, and vice versa
• Permission has been obtained for utilise of copyrighted material from other sources (including the Net)
• A competing interests statement is provided, even if the authors have no competing interests to declare
• Journal policies detailed in this guide have been reviewed
• Referee suggestions and contact details provided, based on journal requirements

For further information, visit our Support Center.

Declaration of interest

All authors must disclose any fiscal and personal relationships with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence (bias) their work. Examples of potential competing interests include employment, consultancies, stock buying, honoraria, paid good testimony, patent applications/registrations, and grants or other funding. Authors must disembalm any interests in two places: 1. A summary declaration of interest argument in the championship page file (if double anonymized) or the manuscript file (if single anonymized). If there are no interests to declare so please land this: 'Declarations of interest: none'. 2. Detailed disclosures equally part of a divide Declaration of Involvement class, which forms role of the journal's official records. It is important for potential interests to be declared in both places and that the information matches. More than information.

Submission declaration
Submission of an article implies that the work described has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or bookish thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible regime where the work was carried out, and that, if accepted, it volition not be published elsewhere including electronically in the aforementioned form, in English or in any other language, without the written consent of the copyright-holder. In instances where authors gear up multiple submissions using the aforementioned dataset or sue partially overlapping variables in two or more than articles, this needs to be declared upfront in the letter to the editor. Masked reference(south) to previous studies based on the same dataset need to be included in the manuscript itself so the reader tin understand the novelty of new written report in relation to the previous articles. Please consult the APA-transmission on piecemeal publications.In cases where the manuscript is office of a larger project (e.chiliad., prospective longitudinal report, an intervention written report with numerous arms, etc.) in which other partly overlapping publications already exist, or are planned in parallel to the submitted manuscript, demand to be declared in the accompanying letter of the alphabet to the editor. Authors are asked to be upfront declaring such manuscripts. A manuscript may be returned if the degree of overlap is found to be too large.

Preprints
Delight note that preprints can be shared anywhere at any time, in line with Elsevier's sharing policy. Sharing your preprints eastward.1000. on a preprint server will not count as prior publication (see 'Multiple, redundant or concurrent publication' for more information).

Use of inclusive language
Inclusive language acknowledges diversity, conveys respect to all people, is sensitive to differences, and promotes equal opportunities. Manufactures should brand no assumptions about the beliefs or commitments of whatever reader, should contain aught which might imply that one private is superior to another on the grounds of race, sex, culture or any other characteristic, and should use inclusive language throughout. Authors should ensure that writing is costless from bias, for example by using 'he or she', 'her/his' instead of 'she' or 'her', and past making use of job titles that are gratis of stereotyping (eastward.g. 'chairperson' instead of 'chairman' and 'flight attendant' instead of 'stewardess'), or item attributes of a person (e.g., 'student with special educational needs' instead of 'disabled student'). Delight consult the APA-manual.

Author contributions

For transparency, we encourage authors to submit an author argument file outlining their individual contributions to the paper using the relevant CRediT roles: Conceptualization; Data curation; Formal assay; Funding acquisition; Investigation; Methodology; Projection administration; Resource; Software; Supervision; Validation; Visualization; Roles/Writing - original draft; Writing - review & editing. Authorship statements should be formatted with the names of authors first and CRediT part(s) following. More details and an example.

Changes to authorship

Authors are expected to consider carefully the list and social club of authors before submitting their manuscript and provide the definitive list of authors at the time of the original submission. Any addition, deletion or rearrangement of writer names in the authorship list should be made only before the manuscript has been accustomed and simply if canonical by the journal Editor. To request such a alter, the Editor must receive the post-obit from the corresponding author: (a) the reason for the change in author list and (b) written confirmation (email, letter) from all authors that they agree with the addition, removal or rearrangement. In the case of addition or removal of authors, this includes confirmation from the author being added or removed.
Just in infrequent circumstances will the Editor consider the addition, deletion or rearrangement of authors after the manuscript has been accepted. While the Editor considers the request, publication of the manuscript will be suspended. If the manuscript has already been published in an online issue, any requests approved past the Editor will result in a corrigendum.

Article transfer service
This journal is office of our Article Transfer Service. This means that if the Editor feels your article is more suitable in one of our other participating journals, then yous may be asked to consider transferring the article to one of those. If y'all agree, your article will exist transferred automatically on your behalf with no need to reformat. Delight annotation that your article will be reviewed once more past the new periodical. More data.

Copyright

Upon acceptance of an article, authors will be asked to complete a 'Journal Publishing Agreement' (meet more data on this). An due east-postal service will be sent to the corresponding author confirming receipt of the manuscript together with a 'Journal Publishing Agreement' form or a link to the online version of this understanding.

Subscribers may reproduce tables of contents or gear up lists of manufactures including abstracts for internal circulation within their institutions. Permission of the Publisher is required for resale or distribution exterior the establishment and for all other derivative works, including compilations and translations. If excerpts from other copyrighted works are included, the author(due south) must obtain written permission from the copyright owners and credit the source(s) in the commodity. Elsevier has preprinted forms for use by authors in these cases.

For golden open access articles: Upon acceptance of an commodity, authors will be asked to complete a 'License Agreement' (more data). Permitted third party reuse of gold open access articles is determined past the writer's pick of user license.

Author rights
As an writer you (or your employer or establishment) have sure rights to reuse your work. More than information.

Elsevier supports responsible sharing
Find out how yous can share your research published in Elsevier journals.

Role of the funding source

You are requested to place who provided financial support for the comport of the research and/or preparation of the commodity and to briefly depict the role of the sponsor(south), if any, in report design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the determination to submit the article for publication. If the funding source(s) had no such involvement, information technology is recommended to state this.

Desk refuse process, criteria and recommendations

When submitting your manuscript to Learning and Teaching, you may wish to consider our review procedure showtime. This document focuses on the periodical's desk reject procedures. We also recommend reading the Guide for authors.

The editorial team of 50 and I applies the system of desk-bound review to filter out papers that volition not exist processed in the review organization. We regularly receive papers that are not aligned with the aims and scope of Learning and Instruction or which lack essential information in ane or more sections of the newspaper. In such cases, the newspaper will be desk rejected, as we know from experience that the paper will probably exist rejected by our reviewers. Nosotros choose to practise and then in order to protect our reviewers; information technology is frustrating for them to take to review a paper which obviously does non comply with LandI'due south basic criteria. Furthermore, waiting for the result of such a review is also detrimental for authors, who must await for 3 months to hear that the paper is rejected, while this might have been made articulate from the very beginning.

Therefore, we desire to clarify the periodical's criteria for a desk reject. If you receive a desk-bound decline for your newspaper, this means that it will be sent back to yous without further comments from reviewers, and volition not exist reviewed.

In the text beneath, we describe what the essential ('required') and recommended components of your newspaper are, that is, what you lot may consider to include in your paper so that reviewers tin focus on the quality of the content of your paper instead of having to list missing components.



Precaution
Piecemeal publication: if the paper reports a selection of the data from a project, and then we await authors to state this conspicuously in the letter to the editor, and to declare whether other publications are available or are planned based on this projection and information, or whether manuscripts have been submitted for consideration to other journals, which are based on partially overlapping sets of variables. Failure to mention this in the encompass letter might lead to an immediate desk rejection.

Furthermore, we advise checking for overlap with the content of whatever prior publications before submitting the paper. A plagiarism check is part of the desk review procedure.

Aims and telescopic
Learning and Teaching deals with theoretical and empirical studies in the field of educational studies. All research methodologies are welcomed, but review papers and meta-analyses will be referred to our sister journal Educational Inquiry Review for review.
We tend to desk turn down studies that:
1. focus on musical instrument construction and validation and research methodology,
ii. investigate a local, practical issue without embedding it in a theoretical or more global perspective focus on research methodology, unless the focus is clearly on learning and instruction rely only on self-reports/questionnaires.

Literature review

Required: A literature review covers all relevant concepts/constructs included in the research questions of your newspaper, relates these concepts to the relevant extant literature, and indicates how the present study builds upon the current knowledge base.
Recommended:
1. Add effect sizes in the literature. Do not write: 'These studies reported significant results'; instead add effect sizes per study when available. Provide sufficient details for studies included in the literature review.
2. Provide a graphical representation of the theoretical model (relations betwixt variables)on which your report is based.


Participants

Required: A rationale for recruitment and selection of participants. Provide an argument for the sufficiency of the sample size. In example of relatively small samples, the argument may exist based on an a priori power calculation for the research pattern to be used.

Ethics
Required:
Description of upstanding procedures and proof of upstanding clearance.

Coding

Required:
i. Coding reliabilities for all categories that are included in the research questions and results, in quantitative as well as in qualitative studies. Beware that double coding, independently, is almost always necessary and that reliabilities must be reported, for each concept/construct/variable included in the results section.
2. In quantitative studies, include reliabilities (internal consistency) or confirmatory factor analyses for dependent variables.
3. In qualitative studies, articulate description of the procedure of data reduction and coding should be provided.

Fidelity
Required:
Information on fidelity of implementation must exist provided for all conditions, including the control condition.

Research design
Recommended: In full general, a classic experimental pattern without a control group or pretest is likely to be vulnerable. In such cases, explain the alternatives for control and contrast that you lot implemented.

Statistics
Required:
ane. When information are nested, multilevel data analyses should always be provided. Otherwise, an explanation of why the alterative you utilize would exist valid will be expected.
2. The interdependencies of dependent variables that are presented in the results department should exist reported.

Results
Recommended:
Visual support in case of models/relations between variables, peculiarly in cases of mediation or moderation

Appendices
Recommended:
Anticipate on reviewers need for clarification. Add together descriptions of instruments (constructs, example items), examples of learning materials, learner products in appendices/supplementary materials.

Language (usage and editing services)
Please write your text in good English (American or British usage is accepted, but not a mixture of these). Authors who feel their English language linguistic communication manuscript may require editing to eliminate possible grammatical or spelling errors and to conform to correct scientific English language may wish to utilize the English Language Editing service bachelor from Elsevier'south Author Services.

Submission
Submission to this journal proceeds totally online, via https://world wide web.editorialmanager.com/jli/default.aspx , and y'all will be guided stepwise through the creation and uploading of your files. The organization automatically converts source files to a single PDF file of the article, which is used in the peer-review procedure. Please note that even though manuscript source files are converted to PDF files at submission for the review process, these source files are needed for further processing afterwards acceptance. All correspondence, including notification of the Editor's decision and requests for revision, takes place by due east-mail removing the need for a paper trail.

Review Policy
This journal has adopted a double bullheaded reviewing policy, where both the referee and author remain anonymous throughout the process. Please remove all identifying features from the paper itself, ensuring that Authors' identity is not revealed. However, this does not preclude Authors from citing their ain works. Nevertheless, Authors must cite their works in a fashion that does not make explicit their identity.

Acceptable: "Brown (2005) has indicated that . . ."

Adequate: "Some scholars have indicated that . . . (east.g., Brown, 2005; Green, 2008)"

Unacceptable: "As nosotros have indicated (Brown, 2005), . . ."

Unacceptable: "In a previous study (Brown, 2005), we have indicated that . . ."



Manuscripts should be no longer than eight,000 words for full length articles (including tables, figures or references). Only manuscripts with multiple studies tin go across this length. If your manuscript has multiple studies, please include the text 'This manuscript involves multiple studies, please ignore the give-and-take count check' in the comprehend letter. Word count is not applicable for revised versions and resubmissions. We appreciate that some of the reporting requirements we request can challenge the word limit imposed. As such, in cases where additional words are required to support the strength of your essential data presentation, i.e. including standard errors, or reporting multiple covariates; nosotros allow up to an additional 10% in the word count. In cases that would crave a withal higher word count, the authors are brash to contact the journal.

Statistics check and reporting of findings

Reporting of findings should follow APA-guidelines (e.chiliad., formatting of tables, number of decimal points, plotting of interaction furnishings), always include effect sizes, and sufficient information for meta-analyses. Experimental and intervention designs need to include a priori power-calculations for desired sample sizes. Authors are asked to plot interaction furnishings. Manuscript may exist returned to authors if these procedures are not followed.

Queries

For questions nearly the editorial process (including the status of manuscripts under review) or for technical support on submissions, please visit our Back up Center.

Peer review

This periodical operates a double anonymized review process. All contributions will exist initially assessed past the editor for suitability for the periodical. Papers accounted suitable are and then typically sent to a minimum of two contained skillful reviewers to assess the scientific quality of the paper. The Editor is responsible for the final conclusion regarding acceptance or rejection of manufactures. The Editor'southward decision is final. Editors are non involved in decisions about papers which they take written themselves or take been written by family unit members or colleagues or which relate to products or services in which the editor has an involvement. Any such submission is subject to all of the journal'due south usual procedures, with peer review handled independently of the relevant editor and their research groups. More information on types of peer review.

Double anonymized review

This journal uses double anonymized review, which means the identities of the authors are concealed from the reviewers, and vice versa. More information is available on our website. To facilitate this, please include the post-obit separately:
Title page (with author details): This should include the title, authors' names, affiliations, acknowledgements and any Declaration of Interest statement, and a complete accost for the respective author including an east-post accost.
Anonymized manuscript (no writer details): The master body of the newspaper (including the references, figures, tables and any acknowledgements) should not include any identifying information, such as the authors' names or affiliations.

Use of wordprocessing software

It is important that the file exist saved in the native format of the wordprocessor used, including LaTeX (.tex, with accompanying .bib file). The text should be in single-column format. Keep the layout of the text as simple as possible.

Commodity construction

Manuscripts should be prepared according to APA, 6th ed., except for the additional requirement of numbering the sections, as described below.

Subdivision - numbered sections
Dissever your article into conspicuously defined and numbered sections. Subsections should be numbered one.1 (then 1.1.1, 1.1.2, ...), ane.2, etc. (the abstruse is not included in department numbering). Use this numbering also for internal cross-referencing: do not only refer to 'the text'. Whatsoever subsection may exist given a brief heading. Each heading should appear on its ain split line. Please include folio numbers.

Introductiom
Country the objectives of the work and provide an adequate background, fugitive a detailed literature survey or a summary of the results. Prior work based on the aforementioned project and/or information must exist referenced, and the unique contribution of the new submission must be stated explicitly.

Results
Results should be clear and curtailed.

Give-and-take
This should explore the significance of the results of the work, not repeat them. Avoid extensive citations and discussion of published literature.

Conclusions
The main conclusions of the study may exist presented in a short Conclusions section, which may stand up lonely or form a subsection of a Discussion or Results and Word section.

Appendices
If there is more than one appendix, they should be identified equally A, B, etc. Formulae and equations in appendices should be given separate numbering: Eq. (A.i), Eq. (A.2), etc.; in a subsequent appendix, Eq. (B.1) and so on. Similarly for tables and figures: Tabular array A.1; Fig. A.1, etc.

Essential championship folio information

Championship. Concise and informative. Titles are often used in data-retrieval systems. Avoid abbreviations and formulae where possible.
Author names and affiliations. Delight clearly betoken the given name(s) and family name(s) of each author and check that all names are accurately spelled. You tin add your proper noun between parentheses in your own script behind the English transliteration. Nowadays the authors' affiliation addresses (where the bodily piece of work was done) below the names. Indicate all affiliations with a lower-example superscript letter immediately later the author's name and in front of the appropriate address. Provide the total postal accost of each affiliation, including the state name and, if bachelor, the eastward-mail service address of each author.
Respective author. Clearly signal who volition handle correspondence at all stages of refereeing and publication, also post-publication. This responsibility includes answering whatever future queries near Methodology and Materials. Ensure that the e-mail address is given and that contact details are kept up to date by the corresponding author.
Nowadays/permanent address. If an author has moved since the work described in the commodity was done, or was visiting at the time, a 'Present address' (or 'Permanent accost') may be indicated every bit a footnote to that author'south name. The accost at which the author actually did the piece of work must be retained every bit the main, amalgamation address. Superscript Arabic numerals are used for such footnotes.

Highlights

Highlights are mandatory for this journal as they assistance increase the discoverability of your article via search engines. They consist of a short collection of bullet points that capture the novel results of your research every bit well as new methods that were used during the study (if any). Please have a look at the examples here: example Highlights.

Highlights should exist submitted in a separate editable file in the online submission system. Please use 'Highlights' in the file name and include 3 to 5 bullet points (maximum 85 characters, including spaces, per bullet point).

Abstruse
A concise and factual abstract is required (maximum 150 words). The abstruse should state briefly the purpose of the enquiry, the master results and major conclusions. An abstract is often presented separately from the article, so information technology must be able to stand up alone. For this reason, References should be avoided, simply if essential, then cite the author(s) and year(s). Also, non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should exist avoided, only if essential they must be defined at their start mention in the abstract itself.

Graphical abstract
Although a graphical abstract is optional, its utilise is encouraged as it draws more attending to the online article. The graphical abstract should summarize the contents of the article in a curtailed, pictorial form designed to capture the attending of a wide readership. Graphical abstracts should be submitted as a dissever file in the online submission organization. Image size: Please provide an image with a minimum of 531 × 1328 pixels (h × w) or proportionally more than. The epitome should be readable at a size of five × 13 cm using a regular screen resolution of 96 dpi. Preferred file types: TIFF, EPS, PDF or MS Office files. Yous can view Example Graphical Abstracts on our information site.
Authors tin can make employ of Elsevier's Illustration Services to ensure the all-time presentation of their images and in accordance with all technical requirements.

Highlights case:
Learning and Instruction, volume 22, issue ane, 47-61

• Students' misconceptions exist at dissimilar levels of representational complexity.

• They could be at the level of false beliefs, mental models, or ontological categories.

• To reach conceptual change at mental model level, instruction should exist at a holistic level.

• One manner to do this is through analogical comparing of flawed cocky model and correct expert model.

• This leads to more robust conceptual change than instruction directed at imitation beliefs.

Keywords
Immediately subsequently the abstruse, provide a maximum of five keywords, using British or American spelling, but not a mixture of these, and avoiding general and plural terms and multiple concepts (avert, for instance, "and", "of"). Be sparing with abbreviations: but abbreviations firmly established in the field may be eligible. These keywords will be used for indexing purposes.

Abbreviations
Ascertain abbreviations that are not standard in this field in a footnote to be placed on the offset folio of the article. Such abbreviations that are unavoidable in the abstract must exist defined at their start mention there, as well every bit in the footnote. Ensure consistency of abbreviations throughout the commodity.

Acknowledgements
Collate acknowledgements in a divide section at the finish of the article earlier the references and exercise not, therefore, include them on the title page, as a footnote to the championship or otherwise. List here those individuals who provided help during the research (e.g., providing linguistic communication aid, writing assistance or proof reading the commodity, etc.).

Formatting of funding sources
Listing funding sources in this standard way to facilitate compliance to funder's requirements:

Funding: This piece of work was supported by the National Institutes of Wellness [grant numbers xxxx, yyyy]; the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA [grant number zzzz]; and the United States Institutes of Peace [grant number aaaa].

It is not necessary to include detailed descriptions on the program or type of grants and awards. When funding is from a cake grant or other resources available to a university, college, or other research institution, submit the name of the found or system that provided the funding.

If no funding has been provided for the enquiry, it is recommended to include the following judgement:

This enquiry did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Footnotes
Footnotes should exist used sparingly. Number them consecutively throughout the article. Many word processors can build footnotes into the text, and this feature may exist used. Otherwise, please signal the position of footnotes in the text and list the footnotes themselves separately at the stop of the article. Do not include footnotes in the Reference list.

Artwork

Electronic artwork
General points
• Make sure you use compatible lettering and sizing of your original artwork.
• Embed the used fonts if the application provides that option.
• Aim to use the following fonts in your illustrations: Arial, Courier, Times New Roman, Symbol, or employ fonts that expect similar.
• Number the illustrations according to their sequence in the text.
• Use a logical naming convention for your artwork files.
• Provide captions to illustrations separately.
• Size the illustrations close to the desired dimensions of the published version.
• Submit each illustration every bit a split up file.
• Ensure that colour images are accessible to all, including those with impaired colour vision.

A detailed guide on electronic artwork is available.
You are urged to visit this site; some excerpts from the detailed information are given here.
Formats
If your electronic artwork is created in a Microsoft Office application (Word, PowerPoint, Excel) then delight supply 'as is' in the native document format.
Regardless of the application used other than Microsoft Role, when your electronic artwork is finalized, please 'Save as' or convert the images to one of the post-obit formats (note the resolution requirements for line drawings, halftones, and line/halftone combinations given below):
EPS (or PDF): Vector drawings, embed all used fonts.
TIFF (or JPEG): Color or grayscale photographs (halftones), keep to a minimum of 300 dpi.
TIFF (or JPEG): Bitmapped (pure black & white pixels) line drawings, keep to a minimum of 1000 dpi.
TIFF (or JPEG): Combinations bitmapped line/half-tone (color or grayscale), proceed to a minimum of 500 dpi.
Please do not:
• Supply files that are optimized for screen use (e.thou., GIF, BMP, PICT, WPG); these typically take a depression number of pixels and express set of colors;
• Supply files that are too depression in resolution;
• Submit graphics that are unduly large for the content.

Color artwork
Delight make sure that artwork files are in an acceptable format (TIFF (or JPEG), EPS (or PDF), or MS Office files) and with the correct resolution. If, together with your accepted commodity, y'all submit usable colour figures then Elsevier will ensure, at no additional charge, that these figures will appear in color online (eastward.g., ScienceDirect and other sites) regardless of whether or not these illustrations are reproduced in colour in the printed version. For color reproduction in print, you will receive data regarding the costs from Elsevier later receipt of your accustomed article. Please indicate your preference for color: in print or online only. Further information on the preparation of electronic artwork.

Figure captions
Ensure that each illustration has a caption. Supply captions separately, not attached to the figure. A caption should comprise a brief championship (non on the figure itself) and a clarification of the illustration. Keep text in the illustrations themselves to a minimum merely explain all symbols and abbreviations used.

Tables

Please submit tables equally editable text and non as images. Tables can be placed either side by side to the relevant text in the article, or on separate page(due south) at the finish. Number tables consecutively in accordance with their advent in the text and place any table notes below the tabular array body. Be sparing in the use of tables and ensure that the data presented in them do not indistinguishable results described elsewhere in the article. Please avoid using vertical rules and shading in table cells.

References

Citation in text
Please ensure that every reference cited in the text is also nowadays in the reference list (and vice versa). Any references cited in the abstruse must be given in total. Unpublished results and personal communications are non recommended in the reference list, simply may be mentioned in the text. If these references are included in the reference listing they should follow the standard reference style of the journal and should include a substitution of the publication date with either 'Unpublished results' or 'Personal communication'. Citation of a reference as 'in press' implies that the item has been accustomed for publication.

Web references
As a minimum, the total URL should be given and the date when the reference was last accessed. Any farther information, if known (DOI, author names, dates, reference to a source publication, etc.), should also be given. Spider web references can be listed separately (eastward.chiliad., afterwards the reference list) under a dissimilar heading if desired, or can be included in the reference list.

Data references
This journal encourages you lot to cite underlying or relevant datasets in your manuscript by citing them in your text and including a data reference in your Reference List. Information references should include the post-obit elements: author proper name(south), dataset title, information repository, version (where available), yr, and global persistent identifier. Add [dataset] immediately before the reference so we can properly identify it as a data reference. The [dataset] identifier volition not appear in your published commodity.

References in a special issue
Please ensure that the words 'this outcome' are added to any references in the list (and whatever citations in the text) to other articles in the same Special Issue.

Reference management software
Near Elsevier journals have their reference template available in many of the most popular reference management software products. These include all products that support Citation Fashion Language styles, such as Mendeley. Using citation plug-ins from these products, authors simply need to select the advisable journal template when preparing their article, after which citations and bibliographies will be automatically formatted in the journal'south style. If no template is even so bachelor for this journal, delight follow the format of the sample references and citations as shown in this Guide. If you apply reference direction software, delight ensure that you remove all field codes before submitting the electronic manuscript. More data on how to remove field codes from different reference management software.

Reference style
Text: Citations in the text should follow the referencing style used by the American Psychological Association. Yous are referred to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition, ISBN 978-1-4338-3215-4, copies of which may exist ordered online.
List: references should be bundled outset alphabetically then further sorted chronologically if necessary. More than than one reference from the aforementioned author(due south) in the same twelvemonth must be identified past the letters 'a', 'b', 'c', etc., placed subsequently the yr of publication.
Examples:
Reference to a journal publication:
Van der Geer, J., Hanraads, J. A. J., & Lupton, R. A. (2010). The art of writing a scientific article. Journal of Scientific Communications, 163, 51–59. https://doi.org/x.1016/j.sc.2010.00372.
Reference to a periodical publication with an article number:
Van der Geer, J., Hanraads, J. A. J., & Lupton, R. A. (2018). The art of writing a scientific article. Heliyon, nineteen, Commodity e00205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00205.
Reference to a book:
Strunk, Westward., Jr., & White, East. B. (2000). The elements of style (4th ed.). Longman (Chapter four).
Reference to a affiliate in an edited book:
Mettam, G. R., & Adams, L. B. (2009). How to set an electronic version of your commodity. In B. S. Jones, & R. Z. Smith (Eds.), Introduction to the electronic age (pp. 281–304). Eastward-Publishing Inc.
Reference to a website:
Powertech Systems. (2015). Lithium-ion vs lead-acrid toll analysis. Retrieved from http://www.powertechsystems.eu/home/tech-corner/lithium-ion-vs-pb-acid-cost-analysis/. Accessed January 6, 2016
Reference to a dataset:
[dataset] Oguro, M., Imahiro, S., Saito, S., & Nakashizuka, T. (2015). Mortality data for Japanese oak wilt disease and surrounding wood compositions. Mendeley Data, v1. https://doi.org/x.17632/xwj98nb39r.1.
Reference to a conference paper or poster presentation:
Engle, Due east.K., Cash, T.F., & Jarry, J.L. (2009, November). The Torso Image Behaviours Inventory-3: Development and validation of the Body Paradigm Compulsive Deportment and Body Paradigm Avoidance Scales. Poster session presentation at the meeting of the Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Therapies, New York, NY.
Reference to software:
Coon, E., Berndt, M., Jan, A., Svyatsky, D., Atchley, A., Kikinzon, East., Harp, D., Manzini, K., Shelef, E., Lipnikov, K., Garimella, R., Xu, C., Moulton, D., Karra, S., Painter, S., Jafarov, E., & Molins, S. (2020, March 25). Avant-garde Terrestrial Simulator (ATS) v0.88 (Version 0.88). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727209.

Video

Elsevier accepts video material and animation sequences to back up and enhance your scientific research. Authors who have video or animation files that they wish to submit with their article are strongly encouraged to include links to these within the trunk of the article. This tin can be done in the same fashion every bit a effigy or table by referring to the video or animation content and noting in the body text where information technology should be placed. All submitted files should be properly labeled so that they directly relate to the video file's content. In lodge to ensure that your video or blitheness material is directly usable, please provide the file in one of our recommended file formats with a preferred maximum size of 150 MB per file, 1 GB in total. Video and blitheness files supplied will be published online in the electronic version of your article in Elsevier Web products, including ScienceDirect. Please supply 'stills' with your files: you can choose any frame from the video or animation or make a divide image. These will be used instead of standard icons and volition personalize the link to your video data. For more than detailed instructions please visit our video pedagogy pages. Annotation: since video and blitheness cannot exist embedded in the print version of the journal, delight provide text for both the electronic and the print version for the portions of the article that refer to this content.

Data visualization

Include interactive data visualizations in your publication and let your readers interact and engage more than closely with your inquiry. Follow the instructions hither to detect out virtually bachelor information visualization options and how to include them with your article.

Supplementary information
Supplementary material such as method applications (every bit described above), images and audio clips, can be published with your article to enhance information technology. Submitted supplementary items are published exactly every bit they are received (word, pdf, Excel or PowerPoint files will appear as such online). Please submit your textile together with the article and supply a concise, descriptive caption for each supplementary file. If you wish to make changes to supplementary material during any stage of the process, delight make certain to provide an updated file. Do non annotate whatsoever corrections on a previous version. Please switch off the 'Track Changes' option in Microsoft Office files every bit these will appear in the published version.

Inquiry data

This journal encourages and enables you to share data that supports your enquiry publication where appropriate, and enables you to interlink the data with your published manufactures. Research data refers to the results of observations or experimentation that validate enquiry findings. To facilitate reproducibility and data reuse, this periodical likewise encourages y'all to share your software, code, models, algorithms, protocols, methods and other useful materials related to the project.

Below are a number of ways in which you can associate data with your article or make a statement about the availability of your data when submitting your manuscript. If you lot are sharing data in one of these ways, you lot are encouraged to cite the information in your manuscript and reference listing. Please refer to the "References" section for more information about data citation. For more data on depositing, sharing and using inquiry data and other relevant research materials, visit the research data page.

Data linking
If you have fabricated your research data available in a data repository, y'all can link your article straight to the dataset. Elsevier collaborates with a number of repositories to link articles on ScienceDirect with relevant repositories, giving readers access to underlying data that gives them a better understanding of the research described.

At that place are different ways to link your datasets to your article. When bachelor, you can straight link your dataset to your article past providing the relevant information in the submission arrangement. For more information, visit the database linking page.

For supported data repositories a repository banner will automatically appear next to your published article on ScienceDirect.

In add-on, yous can link to relevant information or entities through identifiers within the text of your manuscript, using the following format: Database: xxxx (east.thou., TAIR: AT1G01020; CCDC: 734053; PDB: 1XFN).

Mendeley Information
This periodical supports Mendeley Data, enabling you to deposit any inquiry data (including raw and candy information, video, code, software, algorithms, protocols, and methods) associated with your manuscript in a gratis-to-use, open up access repository. During the submission process, after uploading your manuscript, you will have the opportunity to upload your relevant datasets directly to Mendeley Data. The datasets will exist listed and straight accessible to readers side by side to your published article online.

For more information, visit the Mendeley Data for journals page.

Data in Cursory
You have the selection of converting any or all parts of your supplementary or additional raw information into a data article published in Information in Brief. A information commodity is a new kind of article that ensures that your data are actively reviewed, curated, formatted, indexed, given a DOI and fabricated publicly bachelor to all upon publication (watch this video describing the benefits of publishing your information in Data in Brief). You are encouraged to submit your data article for Data in Brief as an boosted item directly alongside the revised version of your manuscript. If your research article is accepted, your data article will automatically be transferred over to Information in Brief where information technology will be editorially reviewed, published open access and linked to your enquiry article on ScienceDirect. Please note an open admission fee is payable for publication in Data in Cursory. Full details can be institute on the Data in Cursory website. Please employ this template to write your Information in Brief information article.

Information statement
To foster transparency, nosotros encourage you to state the availability of your information in your submission. This may be a requirement of your funding torso or institution. If your data is unavailable to admission or unsuitable to mail service, yous volition take the opportunity to indicate why during the submission procedure, for case by stating that the inquiry information is confidential. The argument will appear with your published article on ScienceDirect. For more information, visit the Data Statement page.

Online proof correction

To ensure a fast publication procedure of the article, we kindly ask authors to provide us with their proof corrections within two days. Respective authors volition receive an eastward-mail service with a link to our online proofing system, allowing note and correction of proofs online. The environment is similar to MS Word: in addition to editing text, yous can also comment on figures/tables and answer questions from the Copy Editor. Web-based proofing provides a faster and less fault-prone procedure by allowing you to direct type your corrections, eliminating the potential introduction of errors.
If preferred, you can still choose to annotate and upload your edits on the PDF version. All instructions for proofing will be given in the electronic mail we send to authors, including alternative methods to the online version and PDF.
We will do everything possible to get your article published quickly and accurately. Delight employ this proof only for checking the typesetting, editing, completeness and correctness of the text, tables and figures. Significant changes to the article as accepted for publication will only exist considered at this stage with permission from the Editor. It is important to ensure that all corrections are sent dorsum to us in 1 advice. Delight check carefully before replying, every bit inclusion of any subsequent corrections cannot be guaranteed. Proofreading is solely your responsibleness.

Offprints

The corresponding writer will, at no toll, receive a customized Share Link providing l days free access to the final published version of the commodity on ScienceDirect. The Share Link can be used for sharing the article via whatever communication channel, including email and social media. For an extra charge, paper offprints can be ordered via the offprint society form which is sent once the article is accepted for publication. Both respective and co-authors may order offprints at whatsoever time via Elsevier'south Author Services. Corresponding authors who accept published their commodity gold open access practice not receive a Share Link as their concluding published version of the article is available open access on ScienceDirect and tin exist shared through the article DOI link.

Additional information
Discount
Authors are entitled to a xxx% discount on Elsevier books (excluding major reference works).

Fast electronic publication
Once the article has been proofed past the author, it will exist published immediately on the journal's 'Articles in Printing' section online, thus making it available to subscribers to read and cite. For more information, visit: http://world wide web.sciencedirect.com/science/periodical/09594752 .

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Source: https://www.elsevier.com/journals/learning-and-instruction/0959-4752/guide-for-authors

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